Blueberry growers need to focus on Anthracnose fruit rot as bloom ends

Timothy Miles<milesti2@msu.edu>, Michigan State University Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and Mark Longstroth, Michigan State University Extension - May 28, 2020

During bloom, it makes sense to focus on managing fruit rot diseases, and new information and tools are available to help.

Photo 1. Mummy berry shoot strike observed at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center on May 21, 2020. Photo by Randy Smith, MSU.

Early in the season, blueberry growers focus on controlling mummy berry shoot blight. During early bloom, the focus shifts to controlling the blossom infection phase of mummy berry. Mummy berry blossom sprays target blooms soon after they open to prevent infection.

During bloom, we also see blossom blight when flower clusters collapse from a disease infection. Mummy berry and blossom blight have both been observed in Michigan blueberries last week (Photos 1-2). Damage from the May 9, 2020, freeze is spotty but widespread. Freeze damaged tissues are more susceptible to fungal infections. Some growers have submitted samples to Michigan State University Plant & Pest Diagnostics and secondary fungi are colonizing these dead tissues.

After full bloom, grower’s disease priority should be fruit rots. The main two fruit rot diseases in Michigan blueberries are anthracnose and alternaria fruit rot. Anthracnose can make initial infections to green fruit during and after bloom. These infections are latent (hidden) and are often not possible to detect until later in the season.

Anthracnose fruit rot is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum. This disease overwinters on dead twigs, old fruit trusses and bud scales. Spores from overwintering infections are splash dispersed from onto developing fruit during early growth. Good infection conditions are long wetness periods and warm temperatures. These fruit infections continue without symptoms until fruit ripen (Photo 3).

Photo 3. Life cycle of Colletotrichum acutatum (causal agent of anthracnose fruit rot) in blueberries. Source: MSU Extension Bulletin E-3039, illustration by Jennifer Pagan.

In severe scenarios, 10-20% preharvest and 100% postharvest losses have been reported. The sporulation causes gelatinous orange ooze to form on the outer surface of the berry under humid conditions (Photo 4); under dryer conditions, the fruit simply shrivel. Fruit infected during bloom infects other fruit during harvest. Managing this disease is much easier when protecting green fruit. Ripening fruit is much more susceptible to infection and harder to protect. Strive to protect green fruit reducing the inoculum in the field as the fruit ripens.

Photo 4. Anthracnose fruit rot of blueberry with signs of sporulation in the field. Photo by Timothy Miles, MSU.

Alternaria fruit rot infections often occur as in the field later as fruit ripens (Photo 5). MSU Extension has more information on anthracnose (bulletin E3039) and alternaria fruit rot (bulletin E3441) in blueberries.

Main principles for anthracnose control during the season

Minimize overhead irrigation (wetting events).
Time irrigation to reduce the time leaves and fruit are wet.
Time irrigation to coincide with natural dew formation.
Use a preventative fungicide program (see table below)

New information and tools are available for anthracnose control

Several new fungicides are now labeled in blueberries for anthracnose control. The Small Fruit and Hop Pathology Program at MSU has found them to provide moderate to excellent control for anthracnose fruit rot. See E0154 Michigan Fruit Management Guide for specific information about efficacy. Some of these products include Kenja (FRAC 7), Propulse (FRAC 3/7), Stargus (FRAC BM02) and Lifegard (FRAC P06). See Table 1 for the most recent efficacy ratings for anthracnose and alternaria fruit rot control.

During 2019, the Small Fruit and Hop Pathology program actively surveyed for fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum populations. We discovered significant fungicide resistance to FRAC 11 fungicides (e.g., Abound, Pristine and Quilt Xcel). At this time, we recommend utilizing these products cautiously. Do not use them as your primary fungicides and avoid using them during critical spray windows due to the presence of this resistance. As we learn more, we will continue to update the industry on the presence of fungicide resistance within Michigan.

Table 1. Recently updated blueberry fungicide efficacy ratings for fruit rot control.
Fungicide	FRAC²	Anthracnose³	Alternaria³
Abound¹	11	++++¹	+++¹
Aliette	P07	+++	+++
Botector	NC	?	?
Captan	M04	++/+++	+
Captan + Elevate	M04 + 17	++/+++⁴	+
Elevate	17	0	0
Indar	3	0	+
Kenja⁴	7	+++⁴	?
Lifegard	NC	++	+
Luna Tranquility⁴	7 + 9	++⁴	?
Omega	29	++/+++	++
Phostrol	P07	++	++
Pristine¹	11/7	++++¹	++/+++¹
Proline	3	?	?
Propulse⁴	3 + 7	++⁴	?
Quilt-Xcel¹	11 + 3	+++¹	?
Regalia	NC	++	?
Ridomil	4	0	0
Serenade + NuFilm	44	?	?
Serifel	44	++	?
Sil-Matrix	NC	+++	0
Stargus	44	++	?
Sonata + NuFilm	44	?	?
Switch	9/12	+++	++++
Tilt	3	?	?
Ziram (4 lb.)	M	+++	++
1 - Resistant isolates detected throughout Michigan, be cautious when using these materials during key infection events. 2 - Code corresponds to ratings provided by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. 3 - 0 = not effective, + = poor, ++= fair, +++ = good, ++++ = excellent, ? = not known. Ratings are based on published information and observations in Michigan. Based on data from New Jersey and Michigan. Fall and spring dormant application used. 4 – Recently updated from the E154 Fruit Management Guide.

This article was published by Michigan State University Extension. For more information, visit https://extension.msu.edu. To have a digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox, visit https://extension.msu.edu/newsletters. To contact an expert in your area, visit https://extension.msu.edu/experts, or call 888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464).